Problem fogel graded

For maxima rule Remote should use option A b. For maximum rule Remote should use option 8 c. For maxima regret Remote should use option A d. For equal probability criterion rule Remote should use option A Chapter 16: Government Regulation of Business 2. When there is a shortage in the industry or firm, it will definitely result in an under allocation of resources. Under allocation can happen without any shortage. For example, if the market is in a monopolistic stage, there is no shortage. The buyers can buy everything they want at a set price.There are various situations where the market can fail due to under allocation of resources that are not caused by shortages. For instance, if the task of minting a building was scheduled to finish at a certain date and there was not enough paint and painters, the manager did not allocate and did not calculate the correct amount of paint needed and did not have enough painters. Thus, a shortage is not a necessary condition for under allocation o f resources. 4. Price gouging seems to occur after natural disasters such as hurricane Strain, Rata, and Sandy.After a disaster, the community is trying to recover from the homes that they have lost and they are trying to get back on their feet. However, many individuals and companies are charging market prices or goods such as gasoline, bottled water and other necessary items at a higher price than the market. According to the FTC price gouging laws are not required, they are counterproductive. For instance, in 2005, after the hurricane Strain and Rata, it caused a shortage in gasoline and it could have possibly triggered an energy emergency (National Center, 2007).If anti- gouging laws are enforced by legislation to lower gas prices than what the market dictates during a supply shortage, FTC said that wholesalers and retailers will run out of gasoline and consumers will be worse off (Stresses, Furthermore, anti-gouging laws end up punishing companies who 2001). Have excess and res erves in advance during a crisis. For instance in the Strain hurricane, one of the lessons learned was to reward companies who have excess of oil and gas at the time when it is greatly needed.

Ethics of Human Cloning Essay

In 1971 James D. Watson claimed that one day human cloning would be workable and noted that â€Å"as many people as possible be informed about the new ways for human reproduction and their potential consequences, both good and bad†(Burley and Harris 2001, p. 69). Watson’s statement was given little attention. In 1997, the birth of Dolly, today the world’s most famous sheep, caused widespread public excitement. Dolly became artificially produced clone and proof that cloning large animals like sheep or humans would be possible. More importantly perhaps, Dolly raises many different sorts of important questions for human beings. Human cloning has been met with widespread unease all over the world and generated a series of ethical issues that will be discussed in this paper. Main Body In opposition to productive cloning it is asserted that the method would be causing danger to human beings. For example, Dr Harry Griffin, the director of the Roslin Institute, Scotland, that successfully cloned Dolly the sheep indicates that: It would be irresponsible to try and clone a human being, given the present state of the technology†¦. The chances of success are so low it would be irresponsible to encourage people to think there’s a real prospect. The risks are too great for the woman, and of course for the child (Griffin, 2001). However, while the possible success regarding human cloning may be low and there may be risks of undeveloped embryos, against this it could be claimed that similar arguments could have been directed against the potential efficiency of in vitro fertilization techniques (IVF). IVF was once considered unsuccessful but today is a well-developed and valued treatment for infertility. IVF would never have developed if negative reasons such as this were successfully used to oppose it. A second concern on the subject of human cloning is about the motivation of those who would want to clone themselves and others. On the one hand, it might be accepted that human cloning would make possible for infertile couples to produce genetically related children. On the other hand, there seems to be a worry that people may use human cloning not in order to found a family but with purpose to make a ‘copy’ of themselves. In addition, there may be people who hope to produce ‘copies’ of other living or dead individuals. For example, it was this motivation for cloning that was the theme of the fictional film The Boys from Brazil. In the film Hitler’s genotype was cloned to produce a Fuehrer for the future (Harris 1998, p. 169). However, any clone of an existing person will not be a ‘copy’ of that person. Having the same genotype as another individual does not make a clone the same individual and it is probable that effects from the egg and from the environment would make any clone considerably different from their genetic ‘twin’. While this may be so, it could be likely that those who employ human cloning with purpose to produce a copy of themselves or others will not be proper parents. As a result, the welfare of any produced child will suffer. The motivation of many parents to produce a child may also not withstand close examination. What would be a ‘good’ motivation for wishing to have a sun or daughter? It could be claimed that all motivations to bring to birth a child are based, at least to some degree, on the selfish feelings of future parents. A third main concern on the regard of human cloning involves these kinds of worries about the well-being of the produced child. It may be possible that any child born as a result of nuclear somatic transfer cloning will experience disadvantage either because he/she is ‘robbed’ of his/her genetic identity or because he/ she will not have an ‘open future’ (Harris 1998, p. 169). To what extent is a cloned person robbed of his/her genetic identity? While most human beings are genetically unique, there seems to be no indication that permitting the birth of genetically identical twins derived from a single fertilized ovum robs anyone of their ‘genetic identity’ or even that the fact that twins of this kind share a genetic identity is causing harm to these individuals. It could be stated, therefore, that it thus seems not clear why this factor should make human cloning unethical. It has been indicated (Holm, 1998) that clones created by means of nuclear somatic transfer cloning will live their lives in the shadow of their older genetic ‘twin. As a result, the clones will not have the ‘open future’ that most of ordinary people have and, it might be argued, human beings have a right to. Soren Holm, for example, argues that: Usually when a child is born we ask hypothetical questions like ‘How will it develop? ‘ or ‘What kind of person will it become? ‘ and we often answer them with reference to various psychological traits we can identify in the biological mother or father or in their families†¦In the case of the clone we are, however, likely to give much more specific answers to such questions. Answers that will then go on to affect the way the child is reared (Holm, 1998, pp. 160-161). Holm’s point of view is that producing a clone that lives life in the shadow of an older genetic twin is unethical as: It diminishes the clone’s possibility of living a life that is in a full sense of that word his or her life. The clone is forced to be involved in an attempt to perform a complicated partial re-enactment of the life of somebody else (the original) (Holm, 1998, p. 162). This means that while people usually claim for the importance of the moral principles of respect for individual autonomy or the power to make a decision for oneself without influence from outside, people are violating these principles by robbing clones this opportunity to live their lives in the way they want. The way the clones were produced will putt them in a position where they are living in a shadow. However, even if this claim is true that clones would ‘live in the shadow’ of their genetic ‘originals’, it is not obvious that this fact should compel people to prohibit human cloning. Arguments that compel people to consider the well-being of a resulting child are questionable. It has been claimed that a person is only wronged by being brought to birth if he/she has a life ‘so bad that it would be a cruelty rather than a kindness to bring it into existence’ (Bennett and Harris, 2002, p. 323). This kind of unfortunate existence is sometimes characterized as an ‘unworthwhile life’. An ‘unworthwhile’ life would be a life of extremely negative experience and worsening. Other lives that may be not perfect, but not so worthless as to deprive that individual of an amazing experience of living, are termed ‘worthwhile lives’. In this regard, the statement is that as long as a person is likely to have a ‘worthwhile life’ he/she is not disadvantaged by being brought to birth. Thus, even if a human clone is likely to have a life that is somehow less than ideal, his or her suffering is unlikely to be such that it makes life ‘unworthwhile’. It could therefore be claimed that while being born a clone may not be the ideal way of coming into the world, it is the only opportunity of existing in this world and to have a life that is likely to be worth living. If this position was considered, it would establish human cloning as ethically acceptable at least on the grounds of giving the child a right to exist. Conclusion The topic human cloning has a number of ethically puzzling if not problematic features. Cloning will be one of the most hotly debated and least well-understood phenomena in near future. Today human cloning meets with overwhelming opposition. However, it is clear that human cloning turns out to be the perfect embodiment of the ruling possibilities for new age.

Political Philosophy and Government Essay

Name SOPA: The Unconstitutional Law Teacher Class/Period Date SOPA is a law that is trying to be passed by the United States of America. SOPA stands for Stop Online Piracy Act. While this may seem like a good thing, there are many reasons it is a bad thing. It is extremely vague, it can kill the internet, and the government can take advantage of this law. One thing about SOPA is it is extremely vague. The law is very vague about what the government can and cannot do. The government can enforce laws that are unreasonable with this act. They can also shut down any website completely. With this act live, the government includes a private right of action with little control over abuse. The government can abuse the power they gain through this act. The government can literally take down any website with links on it with this act live. The government will also be able to censor the internet to their liking. This would resemble the media in China or Syria. The internet would never be the same. Allowing SOPA to be passed would give the government the power to do all of these things. Another thing is many websites would be shut down. Many websites would be wiped out due to SOPA. Many websites protested SOPA due to this. Most of the most famous websites would be shut down. YouTube, Wikipedia, and many more websites have â€Å"copyrighted material. † User created things would be taken down. The internet would also be killed. Most things on Google would be wiped out. Over 90% of the internet is considered a violation to SOPA’s rules. Passing SOPA would completely kill the internet. Passing SOPA would give the government lots of power. Passing SOPA would give the government more power than before! Giving the government more power could result in abuse of power. That’s what happens in communist countries! Passing SOPA would take away some of our rights! The government would be allowed to search our belongings for â€Å"copyrighted material. † The law states that the government cannot commit unreasonable search and seizure. Giving the government more power can result in them taking too much power into their own hands. The more we give, the more they take. Too much power is never good. Passing this law would give the government too much power. While most of SOPA is bad, there are some â€Å"good† things about it. First off, people say it’s good because online piracy is another form of stealing, but while it may be similar to stealing, somebody had to purchase the item so others could use it. Some people also state it is a good act because you aren’t supporting the artist or creator of the item, but in reality, online piracy is by definition, sharing. While stopping online piracy may sound good, SOPA has many bad sides to it. SOPA must be stopped!

Product launched discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Product launched discussion - Essay Example The business is a specialty food store that offers bakery and pastry products, fresh produce, fresh meat and seafood, condiments and package food, and cheese and specialty dairy products. The firm has a lot of food products that can be eaten at the moment. There is a need for the company to offer other types of food products that have a longer lifetime shell life. By introducing a new line of food products that that are prepared and frozen the customer can take home put it in the freezer and eat it at a later time. The new product can help the company achieve sales growth. In order to evaluate the Kudler Food a brief SWOT analysis has been a prepared. A SWOT is a marketing analytic tool that evaluates the internal and external environment of the firm (Kotler, 2003). One of the strengths of Kudler Fine Food store is that it offers a wide variety of fresh food products. The company has a good management team and over 13 years of experience in the food industry. A weakness of the busine ss model is that the firm has only three locations. The company cannot achieve the benefits of economies of scale due to its small size.

Classroom Communities and My Own Experience Assignment

Classroom Communities and My Own Experience - Assignment Example For some teachers it was a class camping trip and for another calling her students family members. By doing so all the students were seen in the same manner and not judged based on their race, culture or religion. The hard truth is that African Americans have been thought of as the most difficult to teach and control. They lag behind their white class fellows raising the need of separate schools for the black community. Why is it that even after fighting for equality and civil rights a need for separate educational institutions has risen? According to the latest statistics African American students are less academically successful compared to their white counterparts based on every standard of accomplishment (Ladson Billings 2009). Their school dropout rate is much higher and so is their suspension percentage. These realities have formed a certain expectation from this group of students in the minds of teachers. They automatically assume or have this in their subconscious that if a s tudent is Africa American he will not be as good a student as a ‘white’ American. The teacher has socially categorized students in her brain which should not be the case. As told in the story by Meier in ‘The First Day’ is that the two teachers wanted to set a positive tone on the very first day and they saw the students as one community rather than setting up opinions based on their color or race. They ran the class in such a way that would make the students think that they are all in the same boat. In the article ‘Toward a Pedagogy of the Oppressor’ by Michael S. Kimmel being white, male and heterosexual is compared to walking ‘with the wind’ whereas walking against the wind is the same as being black, gay or female. It is only when you walk against the wind when you feel its strength and force. The article also talks about the privileges of the being the majority and how these are invisible.

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Business - Essay Example Jarvik acknowledges that he has considerable experience with heart disease (Owens, 2008). This removes liability from Pfizer and also supports his credentials to promote Lipitor without much concern over ethical judgment consequences from society and regulatory entities. More careful selection of appropriate celebrity endorsements would be one method of improving advertising approach. Seeking celebrities that actually have used Lipitor are more in-line with regulatory framework guidance for advertisers to avoid consumer perceptions of deception. Additionally, Pfizer could reposition Lipitor under a product benefits focus, using chemists and developers as appropriate endorsers to describe product quality as well as the credentials of research and development teams. Puffer is merely an exaggeration in an attempt to position or differentiate a product by embellishing product benefits. Deception, however, would occur when a product makes claims it cannot achieve, such as promising cures to illnesses from a vitamin marketer that are not supported by research or actual human consumption. Consumers can also contact the Federal Trade Commission to investigate allegations of blatant deception allowing for expert scrutiny and inquiry. One well-known marketing campaign that has used puffery is Folgers Coffee. The promotional phrase, â€Å"The best part of waking up is Folgers in your cup† is simply positioning and/or differentiation tactics utilizing puffery (Boone & Kurtz, 2007). This form of puffery is designed to send the perception to consumers that the product benefits of Folgers, or psychological benefits, can be achieved through consumption. United Egg Producers, a trade group that represents the interest of many egg manufacturers, utilized deceptive packaging strategies to gain consumer interest. The phrase â€Å"Animal Care Certified† was used as a logo on many egg cartons to express United Egg Producer’s focus on

Strategic Management Process CS 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management Process CS 1 - Essay Example But there is a need to emphasize more on employee satisfaction in the statements. In a competitive industry like beverage industry employee is the most important part for a company along with the customers. So the company should add the benefits they are providing to the employees in the value statement. Despite that the mission, vision and value statements of the company is well structured and forward looking. Introduction In this modern world only one thing is constant- that is change. So in the world of change for matching the steps with the competitors the companies have to formulate a robust strategy for them. Every company have some short and long term objectives which they want to meet. Coca-Cola is not an exception. This paper is an attempt to analyze critically the mission, vision statements and the values of Coca-Cola using the view of the famous strategist Michael Porter. The researcher would also suggest any change needed in the statements if needed. Critical Analysis of the Mission, Vision and Values Mission Mission statement of a company describes the reason of the existence of the organizations. It also describes the value they are offering to the customers (Swales and Rogers, 1995, p.225-226). The mission statement of Coca-Cola is â€Å"To refresh the world... To inspire moments of optimism and happiness... To create value and make a difference.† (Coca-Cola Company, 2011) The mission statement of Coca-Cola is describing the reason of their existence through their first two statements and about the value creation through the 3rd statement. The statement accounts for the customers’ interest. The expectation of the shareholders’ is also met. If the company is able to meet the expectations of the customers, it can generate revenue, and the return of the shareholders will get a boost. But through this statement the interest of the other stakeholders’ like the employee expectations is not met, not also the community. Vision The vision statement of the company should focus on the future and provide a solid foundation for the organization. The vision statement doesn’t change like the objective or goal of the company, which is of short term. The vision describes the long term strategy of the company as well as the stakeholders’ importance more precisely (Lipton, 1996, p.84-86). The vision statement of Coca-Cola is as follows. â€Å"People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy people's desires and needs. Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization.† (Coca-Cola Company, 2011) The vision statement of Coca-Cola emphasizes on the interest of the stakeholders. Their long term strategy is enhancing their portfolio so that they can meet the expectations of different target customers. The corporate social responsibility factor has also been addressed by the company management

Solutions to the 21st Century Energy Issues Essay

Solutions to the 21st Century Energy Issues - Essay Example concerns, it may prove undesirable to use only fossil fuels to meet the ever-growing demands for energy. Moreover, reserves of natural gas and oil are limited. As ther reserves are localized in certain geographical areas, this might lead to conflicts and wars between countries. It is therefore of utmost importance to expand the contribution of alternatives to fossil fuel combustion during the next decades. With scientists issuing warnings that deposits of fossil fuels will not last us beyond another century, it is time we woke up and took note of this crisis. Conventional forms of fuel like coal and petroleum will be exhausted in a few decades' time. These are not renewable and need certain climatic conditions and several years to be formed again. Solar energy is a source of power that uses energy from the sun. The term solar energy is used more specifically to describe the utilization of this energy through human endeavor. It is a renewable energy source that has been used in many traditional technologies for centuries. It is also in widespread use where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote locations and in space. The primary forms of solar energy are heat and light. Secondary forms and effects include photosynthesis, wind, the Gulf Stream, the hydrologic cycle, fossil fuels and electricity1. The total solar energy available to the earth is approximately 3850 zettajoules (ZJ) per year (89,000 TW), which is far more than what we need for human consumption. Solar energy is harnessed and stored in the form of solar cells and can be used to heat up rooms, offices, geysers and a lot of other needs of humans. 3.2 Wind Energy Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into more useful forms, such as electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2006, worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was 73.9 gigawatts; although it currently produces just over 1% of world-wide electricity use, it accounts for approximately 20% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain, and 7% in Germany. Globally, wind power generation more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006. Most modern wind power is generated in the form of electricity by converting the rotation of turbine blades into electrical current by means of an electrical generator. In windmills (a much older technology), wind energy is used to turn mechanical machinery to do physical work, such as crushing grain or pumping

Reflective report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Reflective report - Essay Example For this reason, the central role of any forensic investigator is not only in executing investigation to unearth the truth about a mystery, but also to apply his or her prowess to seize and safeguard obtained evidence. In this reflective report, I will emulate on the role and function of a forensics investigator when performing a forensic investigation and the responsibility that the forensics investigator has for seizing and safeguarding evidence. The report entails two segments: the first one being a topic of Peter’s material and second is on a topic from Nick’s material. I have selected Digital Forensics and Systems Analysis and volatile memory topics from Peter and Nick’s topics respectively. As a result, the objective of this reflective report is to explain the knowledge and experience I have gained in the unit on the role and function of a forensic investigator in reference to my selected topics. The module on the role and function of a forensic investigator and particularly the understanding about Digital Forensics and Systems Analysis has been instrumental to me in several ways. Typically, a digital forensic is an investigation process that uses scientific and technological knowledge to examine digital objects and consequently develop and test theories. It can be invoked, in a court of law, to respond to questions about incidences that occurred. Considering the credibility that such evidence demands, I have gained substantial lessons from the unit on digital forensics and systems. Of the many lessons, some of the significant ones include an understanding of the types of digital analysis, digital investigation models, and digital crime scene investigation processes. Through this module, I realised that in digital forensic investigations, the investigator often encounters many digital data formats that subsequently demand different models of analysis.

The wealth and poverty of nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The wealth and poverty of nations - Essay Example The treaty was signed in the mid-1990s, and is generally considered to be a big success. Treaty of Versailles This was the treaty that ended the First World War. It imposed the costs of the war on Germany. Some believe that the punitive nature of the treaty led to the Second World War. Hitler was able to exploit the negative effects of the treaty on Germans in order to come to power. The rest is history. Scramble for Africa This occurred at the end of the 1800s. At the time, much of Africa was undiscovered by Europeans. European nations wanted colonies and they sought to grab as much African land as they could. Sometimes this was done through negotiations and sometimes through violence. Great Depression This was a terrible time in world history. It occurred in 1929, when the stock market crashed. It led to widespread job losses around the world and rapid inflation. The problems caused by the Great Depression were only really resolved with the coming of World War II and the greater pr oductivity engendered by this conflict. Landes' view of winners and loser According to Landes, some countries have won the jackpot and others have not. So many factors effect the distribution of wealth and resources around the world. Some of these are based on climate. Others on cultural issues.

Characteristics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Characteristics - Term Paper Example This is the micro perspective which is embedded in its psychological genesis and emphasizes the fact that there are individual variations in attributes which impact individual responses (Klein & Kozlowski). Neither perspective is enough alone (Michalski & Tecuci, 1994, p.381). Aggregate perspective tends to ignore individual differences that make a person behave the way he does. A mere focus on aggregate characteristics poses risk of showiness and worthlessness in the organizational culture. Contrarily, when only individual level attributes are considered, this tends to ignore contextual aspects that lead to collective responses. Thus, aggregate perspectives lead to misspecifications because there is no generalization of lower levels which makes it impossible to formulate a meaningful policy. Also, individual-level perspectives lead to problems formulating human resource management policies. Hence, a combined approach is required that integrates both the perspectives (Cameron, Sutton & Whetten, 1988). References Cameron, K.S., Sutton, R.I., Whetten, D.A. (1988). Readings in Organizational Decline: Frameworks, Research, and Prescriptions.

Dog whistle Essay Example for Free

Dog whistle Essay The win for republicans relied on two factors. They played in the areas they were the weakest and they targeted voters and groups of voters. This was known as the â€Å"dog whistle† implying that Bush’s speech was only heard by those targeted groups. They kept away for the conventional political indicators such as economy, jobs and health. â€Å"The Bush strategists found a new way to identify and communicate with potential supporters† (Morgan, 2005). By doing this it changed the established ideas of what elections are about and why individuals vote the way they do. John Kerry’s lead was only in indicators that usually determined winner or loser in western democracies. â€Å"Majorities, sometimes large majorities, favored abolishing offshore tax havens, reforming healthcare writing labor and environmental protections into trade accords, and protecting benefits levels and spending on education and health, while 45 per cent opposed Bush’s tax cuts for the rich† ( Morgan, 2005). All of the tax policies were supported in the Democratic Party. Republicans strategy was to play on the conservative voters hoping to draw them to the polls by appealing to their most basic values, fears and prejudices. They also plagued Kerry’s campaign with hints about his trustworthiness. â€Å"Research by the University of Wisconsin indicates the Republicans ran 101,000 advertisements attacking Kerry’s character, while up to 95 percent of Kerry’s ads were based on issues† ( Morgan, 2005). When looking at the reasons why 35 percent said it was because they didn’t trust him. Another 23 percent didn’t because of his stance on gay marriage and 18 percent because of the issue of abortion. The Republicans also relied on TargetPoint a republican firm that relied on every database that the republicans could get then; they cross referenced this to the buying power of the citizens. This would enable direct mail marketers, telephone volunteer and door to door campaigning. This type of marketing is effective and was seen all across America. I can’t count how many people I came across during that elections that would have some type of comment on how much they got in the mail or how many phone calls they received during this time. I don’t really want to call his issue â€Å"feel good† but rather conservative rationale mixed with fear that gave the vote towards the Republican side of the yard. Reference: Magleby, D. B. , O’Brien, D. , Light, P. , Peltason, J. W. , Cronin, T. E. (2006). Government by the People: National, State, and Local 21st. Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Morgan, S. ( March 18, 2005). It worked for Bush. New Statesman. 134(4736).

Who Is to Blame for the Underclass?

Who Is to Blame for the Underclass? The Underclass: Who is to Blame?   Upper class, middle class and working class; these are the traditional classifications of social classes in nearly all societies in the world. But, what if a group of people proves to be unable to fit into one of these social stratums and creates a need for establishing an additional lower class? In this case, one of the most prominent problems will inevitably surface. Such a problem was and still is a major issue that enters into the American society especially with the emergence of the ‘underclass’. This term that is generally used to refer to people â€Å"at the bottom of, or even below, the rest of society† (Alcock, 1997). However, some details about the underclass are still a subject of controversy. While some associate the underclass with those who could not integrate into the mainstream societies due to their behavior and different culture, others just ascribe the emergence of the underclass to certain structural and situational factors. In this respect, th e first part of this essay will discuss both approaches: the one that puts the blame on the behavioral characteristics of the underclass and the other which is oriented towards the structural process that led to the creation of the underclass. The following part will deal with blacks as a case of study. And the last part will cover one possible solution for this issue. Some sociologists argue that people belonging to the underclass are excluded from society due to their inappropriate attitudes, improper behavior and wrong choices. Adherents to this view agree that the underclass â€Å"includes only the undeserving poor† (Jencks, 1988), since this group of people often displays distinct behavioral characteristics that lead them to be â€Å"socially isolated from mainstream patterns of [society]† (Wilson, 1987). In this light, Ken Auletta (1991) divides the underclass into four elements stressing the boundaries that separate them from the rest of society. In his classification, he includes: â€Å"the passive poor, usually long-term welfare recipients, † the hostile street criminals†, â€Å"the hustlers† i. e. those who rely on underground economy and â€Å"the traumatized drunks, drifters, homeless shopping-bag ladies and released mental patients. † To these people, â€Å"violent crimes, drug abuse, teenage p regnancy [and] joblessness† (Sawhill, 1992) become distinguishing hallmarks. The underclass, in this respect, is depicted as living by a code of jungle (Marks, 1991); a code that is fueled by the breakdown of a paramount institution which is the family and characterized by the loss of any â€Å"tangible incentive to learn† (Murray, 1984). In this context, Murray points out the common issues that mark the underclass including: the breakdown of families, illiteracy and single-parent household. All these attributes not only set the underclass apart from the mainstream American culture but also make welfare dependency their preferred choice. For instance, the emergence of the underclass is often associated with â€Å"an ‘overgenerous’ [system] that encourages such a ‘dysfunctional’ behavior†(Heisler, 1991). Taking the example of unemployment, Lawrence Mead says â€Å"The problem is not that jobs are unavailable but that they are frequently unacceptable, in pay or conditions, given that some income is usually available from families or benefit programs (Mead, 1986). This means that underclass dependency on governmental support would create disincentives to work. Another causal factor of the existence of the underclass in the American society is the failure of the structure in providing a just society. In defining structure, sociologists analyze the complexities of social institutions and organizations in dealing with matters of integration and high trends of inequality. Hence, from a structuralist approach society is the one to blame for the emergence of an underclass. The American Sociologist William Julius Wilson (1987) argues that the ‘tangle of pathology of the inner-city’ is represented in structural factors: Among these inter-related factors, historical segregation and discrimination of the minority groups in America led to the emergence of large underclass communities in the cities. A persistent interaction between high poverty rates and rising level of residential segregation explains Segregation role in concentrating poverty. In their study of segregation in the U. S, Nancy and Douglas (1998) depicted an Apartheid-American style in dealing with minorities in Urban areas. Indeed, segregation has negative socio-economic impacts. Consequently, underclass was the result of profound structural economic shifts that have marginalized inner cities positions and displaced the industrial sectors that were supposed to provide employment for the minorities and for the working poor. (Darity, Myers, Carson, Sabol, 1994). This prevents the population from achieving its full potential in the labor market. Besides, Gender Discrimination is one key feature of the structuralist causation. The high rate of poverty among women may be viewed as the consequence of a patriarchal domination. Women were fighting to resist the exclusion in a society that has been historically dominated by men. Welfare programs have been designed in some ways to stigmatize public support for women. Indeed this tends to reinforce patriarchy. (Abramovitz, 1996) Moreover, social isolation was behind the inadequate human capital of the labor force that resulted in lower productivity and inability to compete for employment. (Darity, Myers, Carson, Sabol, 1994) William Wilson (1985) defines social isolation as follows â€Å"the lack of contact or a sustained interaction with individuals and institutions that represent mainstream society. † Indeed, urban poor suffer from the lack of assistance, resources and community safeguards. As a consequence, the difficult interaction between culture and behavior has produc ed an isolated-population from the labor economy. (Wilson, 1985) the isolation was linked to a growing concentration on poverty. Another major factor in the structuralist approach is that of Migration of the successful members of the community that leads to the reduction in social capital. (Wilson, 1987) This phenomenon essentially created a geographic polarization. Inner-cities are getting poorer and suburbs getting richer. The process of regeneration helped mobile individuals but was proved harmful for the ones who were not able to leave the urban areas. One perspective refers to the political factor adopted by Republicans (in America particularly) the welfare programs that have removed any desire to work, thus creating a culture of poverty and the underclass. Inner-city poverty is the unanticipated consequence of public policy that was intended to alleviate social problems but has, in fact, caused them to worsen in some ways. (Wilson, 1987). Public policies including federal aids and programs indirectly affected poverty. Public housing for example did not aim at improving or rebuilding slum dwellers but rather at eliminating poor housing (Gautreaux case in the 1970s) In an attempt to define the underclass, Time Magazine reported that it â€Å" is made up mostly of impoverished urban blacks who still suffer from the heritage of slavery and discrimination (1997). Because Blacks constitute the majority of the underclass, we chose to apply on them the two perspectives previously analyzed. According to the culture-of-poverty thesis, blacks â€Å"do not possess those traits or values that are conducive to individual achievement and success â€Å" (Zargouni, 2007). Minority groups, such as Chinese, Japanese and West Indians suffered from discrimination and yet they were able to â€Å"ris[e] to affluence† because of their â€Å"effort, thrift, dependability, and foresight that built businesses â€Å" (Sowell, 1981). Because these traits are absent within African-American’s culture, blacks remained â€Å"trapped† in the â€Å"same inner cities â€Å", other races were able to â€Å"escape† (Lemann, 1986). Lemann (1986)asserts that â€Å"the greatest barrier â€Å" for blacks is their â€Å"culture†. Within this same line, Chuch Robb suggests that the barriers of segregation and racism were abolished and it is time for blacks to get rid of their â€Å"self-defeating patterns of behavior â€Å" (in Jackson, 1988). Thus, according to this first perspective Black’s cultural traits are the reasons behind their failure in â€Å"some of the richest cities on earth â€Å" (Hamill, 1988). One major critique for this perspective is that the years following the Civil Rights Movement witnessed the rise of a black middle class (Wilson, 1990). That is, Blacks proved that when given equal opportunities and decent living conditions, they can defy the stereotypes and achieve success. Following the same line and in an attempt to distance himself from the â€Å"culture of poverty† thesis, Wilson (1990) insists that although blacks were living in poor conditions before the mid-twentieth century, unemployment, crimes and perverseness were not as prevalent as they are today. According to him these changes were due to two main reasons. First, many blacks lost their jobs in the manufacturing sector which was contracted and could not catch the new opportunities in the suburbs (Wilson, 1990). Second, the departure of the black middle class meant the removal of role models who used to show for the less advantaged that education is meaningful, that steady employment is a viable a lternative to welfare, and that family stability is the norm, not the exception (p. 56). In his assessment of the situation of blacks, Wilson does not deny that they have ghetto-specific cultural traits† (p. 137); but he acknowledges that they are but the consequences of unemployment and social isolation, rather than the reasons behind them. He also insists that these traits are not self- perpetuating and would disappear if faced with proper care (p. 138). The government’s reaction to the underclass was in the adoption of some welfarist measures. These policies were criticised by many who believe that they only encourage dependency. Goodman, Reed and Ferrara (1994) argue that welfare can only be successful if based on theâ€Å"- determination of the amount and type of aid case by case. The private sector â€Å"would be able to do so since it may reduce the level of assistance, or withdraw assistance altogether, if recipients do not show behavioral changes† (Goodman, Reed, Ferrara, 1994). We think that such a system would be more beneficial than the traditional welfare system for it encourages people to work hard to deserve and preserve the assistance they are getting. At the end of this research, it is worth to mention that Underclass is a major problem in the American society. Despite all the advancement and the principles on which this nation is built upon, the appearance of an underclass indicates that there is a notable failure in implementing the right measures to better the situation of minority groups. Blacks were chosen as a case of study in this report due to their high population and their difficult integration comparing to other races. Whether behavioral factors or Structural causes (Wilson, 1987) were behind the emergence of this distinct class, serious reforms should be adopted to overcome this phenomena. References Abramovitz, M. (1996). Regulating the Lives of Women: Social Welfare Policy from Colonial Times to the. Boston, MA: South End Press. Alcock, P. (1997). Understanding Poverty (à ©d. 2nd). Plgrave: Basingstoke. Auletta, K. (1991). The New Yorker. In C. Marks, Annual Review of Sociology. Darity, W. A., Myers, S. L., Carson, E. D., Sabol, W. (1994). The Black Underclass: Critical Essays on Race and Unwantedness. New York: Garland. Douglas, M., Nancy, D. (1998). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Goodman, J. C., Reed, G. W., Ferrara, P. S. (1994). Why Not Abolish the Welfare State? Texas. Hamill, P. (1988). Breaking The Silence. Esquire. Heisler, B. S. (1991). jSTOR. Retrieved from Theory and Society: http://www. jstor. org/stable/657687 Jackson, J. (1988). Racism created the black underclass. In Poverty: Opposing Viewpoints. (D. Bender, B. Leone, Éds. ) Jencks, C. (1988). Deadly Neignborhoods. New Republic. Lemann, N. (1986). The Origins Of the Underclass. The Atlantic. Marks, C. (1991). Annual Review of Sociology. Rà ©cupà ©rà © sur Jstor: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2083350. Mead, L. (1986). From Beyond Entitlement. Murray, C. (1984). Losing Ground. Sawhill, I. V. (1992). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Retrieved from Jstor: http://www. jstor. org/stable/986911. Sowell, T. (1981). Ethnic America. The American underclass: destitute and desperate in the land of plenty. (1997). Time Magazine Wilson, W. J. (1985). Cycles of Deprivation and the Underclass Debate. Social Service Review. Wilson, W. J. (1987). The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Zargouni, C. H. (2007). Roots of american culture and identity : Connecting the present with the past. Tunis.

Salvador Dali Essays -- essays research papers

Salvador Dali, the talented surrealist painter was born May 11, 1904 in Figueras, Spain. He was the second of three children in his family. His parents believed him to be the reincarnation of his older brother who had died just nine months before Salvador was born. Dali said later in life that he often felt like he and his dead brother were one when he painted. His parents were very indulgent through out his childhood, Dali often dressed up and pretended to be an emperor and rule his family. Even when his younger sister Anna Maria was born, Dali maintained his position as the â€Å"dictator† of the family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Dali was an unruly student, many people recognized his brilliance and artistic talent at a very young age. He began seriously painting at age ten, though his more notable works did not appear until he was thirteen. Most of these early paintings were landscapes of the areas surrounding his hometown, Figueras and nearby Cadaquese. Later, he began to use the Roman ruins in Ampurius which he developed a strong love for and are a recurrent theme in many of his later pieces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A year after Dali’s mother died in 1921, Dali was accepted to the Acadamia de San Fernando in Madrid. This was and art school that specialized in painting, sculpture, and engraving. Dali had mastered Impressionism several years earlier and was now experimenting with cubism. This impressed his classmates, most of who were just beginning to grasp Im... Salvador Dali Essays -- essays research papers Salvador Dali, the talented surrealist painter was born May 11, 1904 in Figueras, Spain. He was the second of three children in his family. His parents believed him to be the reincarnation of his older brother who had died just nine months before Salvador was born. Dali said later in life that he often felt like he and his dead brother were one when he painted. His parents were very indulgent through out his childhood, Dali often dressed up and pretended to be an emperor and rule his family. Even when his younger sister Anna Maria was born, Dali maintained his position as the â€Å"dictator† of the family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Dali was an unruly student, many people recognized his brilliance and artistic talent at a very young age. He began seriously painting at age ten, though his more notable works did not appear until he was thirteen. Most of these early paintings were landscapes of the areas surrounding his hometown, Figueras and nearby Cadaquese. Later, he began to use the Roman ruins in Ampurius which he developed a strong love for and are a recurrent theme in many of his later pieces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A year after Dali’s mother died in 1921, Dali was accepted to the Acadamia de San Fernando in Madrid. This was and art school that specialized in painting, sculpture, and engraving. Dali had mastered Impressionism several years earlier and was now experimenting with cubism. This impressed his classmates, most of who were just beginning to grasp Im...

Enigma Outline :: essays research papers

Enigma Outline I. Flash back A. The main character Jericho is staying in Cambridge at the college. B. Jericho has a flash back. C. The flash back is of when he was talking to Atwood. D. March 12, his office comes and gets him. II. Shark A. Jericho goes back to Bletchley to work on the enigma. B. He is taken there by Logie. C. He is taken back to his old hut. D. Jericho looks at the codes called shark. E. Jericho can’t break the code. F. Jericho sees Clair, the reason he left. F. Jericho tries to hit Skinner after a meeting, but this just makes skinner mad. III. The Old House Gives Clue A. Jericho flashes back to the first time he met Clair on the train. B. He has another flash back. C. Jericho goes to her old house to look for her. D. Jericho searches Claire's room, where he finds stolen cryptograms. IV. Solution A. Jericho has another flashback of when Clair leaves him. B. Jericho runs into Hester while he is looking for Clair. C. Tom figures out that if the navy ships give up there position the U-boats can send code. Then he can solve the code by putting it into the decoding machine. V. Major Heaviside A. Hester and Tom meet again to discuss the codes. B. They go to see Major Heaviside, so they can get more of the codes. VI. Cracked Code A. Tom gets the opportunity to start to solve their code when the U-boats attack the convoy. B. At the end of the night, they put the codes in the bombes so they can decipher them. C. Tom uses the information that Hester gave him earlier to figure them out. D. When decoded they say that over 3000 Polish soldiers were killed in a Soviet Camp. E. Tom asks puck about this but he chases him off. F. As they run off the train they are both shot down by Wigram's officers.

Identity in a Color-Conscious Society in Invisible Man Essay -- Invisi

Identity in a Color-Conscious Society in Invisible Man  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Critics generally agree that Ralph Ellison's award winning novel, Invisible Man, is a work of genius, broad in its appeal and universal in its meaning. Its various themes have been stated as: "the geography of hell . . . the real brotherhood of man" (Morris 5), the emergence of Negro personality from the "fixed boundaries of southern life" (Bone 46), and "the search for human and national identity" (Major 17).   Rich in symbolism and cleverly interwoven, Invisible Man's linear plot structure, told from the first-person, limited point of view, and framed by the Everyman protagonist from his subterranean home, follows the narrator in his search for identity in a color-conscious society whose constricting social and cultural bigotry produces an accelerated pattern of violence and oppression which attempts to efface the narrator of his individuality, thus assigning him an "invisible" non-identity within America. The underlying force in Invisible Man is the atmosphere of America that begins in the early 1900's of the segregated deep south, and ends in the North's predominately black neighborhood of Harlem during the 1930's.  Ã‚   As critic Marcus Klein states, "Everything in the novel has clarified this point: that the bizarre accident that has led [the Invisible Man] to take up residence in an abandoned coal cellar is no accident at all, that the underworld is his inevitable home, that given the social facts of America, both invisibility and what he calls his 'hibernation' are his permanent condition" (109). Ellison's protagonist, the effaced narrator, is a young African-American male from the segregated deep south, who b... ...iction: New Studies in the Afro-American Novel since 1945.   Ed. A. Robert Lee.   London: Vision Press, 1980.   54-73. Klein, Marcus.   "Ralph Ellison."   After Alienation: American Novels in Mid-Century.   Cleveland: World Pub., 1964.   71-146. Langman, F.H.   "Reconsidering Invisible Man."   The Critical Review.   18 (1976) 114-27. Lieber, Todd M.   "Ralph Ellison and the Metaphor of Invisibility in Black Literary Tradition."   American Quarterly.   Mar. 1972: 86-100. Major, Clarence.   American Poetry Review.   Nov/Dec. (1973) 17. Margolies, Edward.   "History as Blues: Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man"   Native Sons: A Critical Study of Twentieth-Century Negro American Authors.   Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1968.   127-48.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morris, Wright. "The World Below."   The New York Times Book Review 13 Apr.1952: 5.   

Islam’s Problems come from within Essay

* Criticism of propaganda type which world leaders try to persuade the world â€Å"this isn’t about Islam† * Rushdie argues that by giving examples how it is a) support of Bin Laden b) the Islamic together coming for the jihad c) the anti-Semitism blaming Jews for the September 11th issues etc. * Rushdie suggests a reasoning for the above written from fear of the west taking over there old-fashioned traditional way of life. * He emphasizing how â€Å"it is about Islam† : many political movements are now guided by radical Islamic organizations such as the revolutionary Shiite of Iran or the Taliban. * Rushdie continues by introducing a vital key point to his article. He criticizes such political groups for blaming outsiders for all â€Å"the ills of Muslim societies.† He then suggests that they are to accept responsibility of their problems and then they may be able to solve their problems by themselves. * Rushdie continues by showing how many Muslims are beginning to ask themselves such questions. He gives some specific examples of intellectuals of the Muslim world relating to that question. * He concludes by suggesting that the way to overcome the problem with terrorism today is by secularist-humanist principles which must be taken on by the Islam. In terms of what we have learned, we would have to say that Rushdie argument is valid. We can come to that conclusion by simply looking at his arguments; Rushdie doesn’t introduce new information in his conclusions relating to an argument. If the question of validity refers to the fact that Islam is the topic related to the terror attacks in September, then the argument can well be valid to a certain extent. However, it would morally be wrong to blame a religion for this mass murdering, as we know that generalizing that all Muslims are murders, is wrong and invalid. Although, one could argue the majority of the arguments Rushdie makes, the way he wrote them they are valid. Rushdie presumably has a strong historical knowledge to support his articles’ arguments. However, I believe a great deal of emotions came in play while expressing himself. We must not forget that Rushdie’s experience with the Islamic, (in direct reference to the fact he was ordered to be killed by a major Islamic leader) hence a possible bias on the issue. I fully understand such a standpoint as that of Rushdie; I too, when am asked to support my countries’ actions in regard to the Palestinian terror attacks, tend to become emotional and very protective. Therefore I understand the pressure release Rushdie experiences while expressing himself. Therefore I can also say from experience that I do not think that in such a state Rushdie would exaggerate to a point of absurd.

Compare Two Research Articles: Philosophical, Ethical, And Methodological

understructureThis melodic theme will contrast the ponder characteristics of 2 explore articles which ar polar in philosophical and mannerological wooes notwithstanding argon two tie in to the value of naturaliseho habitho utiliseays affectionate functi mavenrs and attempt to represent the differences and similarities in ontology, epistemology, ethics, methodology and the methods of both(prenominal) pieces of interrogation.The first-year query piece is a paper c eached Managing tame friendly work books published in 2012 in which Garrett examines the endings of a brush up on the record keeping practices of 73 take aim kind workers. This try tabu of school favorable workers belonged to the School Social Workers intimacy of America (SSWAA). Based on the numeral search and look back method, the interrogation worker explored triplet germane(predicate) issues for school tender workers, these were existentistic issues, good issues and sound mandates. The purpose of Garretts seek was to increase the school friendly workers practice of record keeping, improve their closing making skills, and to sponsor them choose capable development to include in workers records. Garretts article found that or so 50% of every social workers were unfamiliar with record keeping policy and virtu whollyy of the respondents had a poor understand ab bulge what they should record. It besides found that they struggled to incur appropriate shipway to achieve goals or to overcome speculative situations. The results of this research were then apply to let the recommendation that school social workers undeniable to a greater extent than aid in their day-after-day record keeping. It was explained that professional organizations down to hang back the social workers by offering workshops or classes that will teach them what information should be included or excluded, and the estimable and the legal policies that or importa nce to this recording.The second research article that will be used for this testify is called Empowering school social work practices for demonstrable youth breeding, which is qualitative research carried out by To in 2006 in Hong Kong, China. Tos playing field investigates the way in which school social workers engage with 3 major symmetrys of empowerment the personal dimension the school and community dimensions and lastly, the institutional dimension. The sample used in Tos research consisted of 15 social workers, 10 of which were feminine and 5 universe male. All of these had huge service drive in the schools and most of them had get the better ofs degrees. The purpose of this assume was to explore the way in which school social workers dealt with diametric situations and how they fixd youth development by employ diverse strategies with the students, and within the school, community and the relevant sectors of education. This was enormously with the affect of e ncouraging students to figure in declare oneself works. The findings of Tos research indicated that, in the school setting, the research histrions played an active type in achieving empowerment. The relevant results provided insightful information for all polar social workers who result services in the schools.PhilosophicalDuring confinement social research, it is important to cut into matters of both philosophical approaches, such as ontology and epistemology, and varied research paradigms. These brook affect the research technique and unioniseion as it is launched from externalise through to its conclusion (Flowers, 2009). Hatch and Cunliffe (2006) ca-ca direction to the fact that various paradigms aid tecs to field phenomena in assorted ways.The two chosen pieces of research are related to with different research paradigms one of which is related with positivist and the opposite with interpretivist. Positivist is ground on values of reason, truth and seve rity and on that point is a focus rigorously on facts, gathered through direct observation and experiences and measured empirically using quantitative methods, surveys and experiments and statistical analysis (Flowers, 2009). In gain to this, this paradigm is aligned with deductive or theory testing. However, in the possibility of interpretive it is argued that individuals and gatherings have an important mapping within situations that are based on their individual experience and expectations (Flowers, 2009). Interpretive consider that there is no single universe but that there are fivef middle-aged realities. This paradigm is much aligned with inductive or theory building.OntologyBlaikie (1993) defined ontology as the science or drive of being and adopts this definition for social science, explaining that what exist is every an impersonal single reality (objectivism) or it is not single reality, however a subjective reality (subjectivism). The ontological approaches bed the two researches seem entirely different.With believe to Garretts focus on statistical selective information, it can be considered that Garrett believes that there is an objective reality that allows for measurement. Ontological objective result means that it does not depend on the researcher. This is because the research only fall upon mathematicalal results which were received from the sample of respondents who completed the survey. This vocabulary is defined as representative of the reality. On the new(prenominal) hand, Tos contract, which used qualitative research, can be seen to focus on a subjective reality where the researcher interpreted narrative selective information that was derived from a semi-structured inter go through.EpistemologyEpistemology is the theory or science of the method or ground of knowledge and explains that what exists whitethorn be known, what can be known and what criteria must be convenient in order to be described as knowledge (Flowers, 2009). In addition to this, Chia (2002) describes epistemology as how and what it is possible to know, charm Hatch & Cunliffe (2006) characterise epistemology as well-read how you can know. Flowers (2009) discusses that, as with ontology, both objective epistemology and subjective epistemology views can exist. Eriksson and Kovalainen (2008) describe the way in which a universe of discourse can exist in view of an objective epistemology, as long as this is apparent and theory neutral spot, with a view of a subjective epistemology, no existence is possible to the apparent kind-hearted being being beyond our subjective observations and interpretations.The two articles happen away a difference in their epistemic approaches. In the quantitative study, the researcher only described the results in relation to a paradigm of positivism however, the aim of the researcher is not important in influencing the data of the research. On the other hand, regarding to interpretivist epistemo logy, the researcher gives a weight role which influences the research and the sense of the situations from the researchers point of view. good IssueEthics is one of the all important(p) settings in many sciences, especially in social sciences. May (2011) defines ethics as concerned with the attempt to formulate scratchs and principles of clean behaviour. All social researchers should pay attention to the social research ethics. Punch (2005) believes that all social researches should include ethical issues because social researchers deal with societies and peoples chance(a) lives fundamentally, all data derives from people. Therefore, it is not blowzy to avoid ethical issues in both qualitative and quantitative approaches, especially qualitative approaches. Punch (2005) also highlights the way in which the qualitative method approach is to a greater extent likely to study ethical issues as qualitative research focuses on the more sensitive issues in peoples lives.Tos study (2 006) asked caputs near the personal lives of the respondents for this reason he used a numerical code instead of actual names to give them independence and to launch them feel more comfortable. However, To did touch on the name of students who played roles in the social workers stories. Therefore, it can be argued that, on the one hand, that To mentioned a students name to try and show the school social workers achievements, in order to have positive operation on other social workers and advocate them to do the same. On the other hand, however, this could micturate ethical issues for the researcher and the school social workers because they mentioned other peoples real names, when they could have used codes or counterfeit names. In the case of Garretts study, which used comply Monkey as method for sucking data, he does not mention anything ethically relevant to the respondent. However, this website has some ethical issues for example, regarding to questions design, the res pondents should answer all questions before the survey can be submitted which means there is no right to avoid respondent some questions (Buchanan and Hvizdak, 2009).During the stop of research, it is important for the researchers to make ethical decisions and consider what is to benefit the respondents or their research process. moreover, they have to assess themselves by asking a number of ethical questions (May, 2011). The articles of this essay are about school social work, so all behaviours and relevant ethics are necessary for the researchers and social workers to consider.MethodologicalBoth articles have severalize methodological approaches which are representative of their philosophical positions (ontology, epistemology). This part will attempt to compare both research methods one of which is a quantitative method approach and the other is a qualitative method approach and highlights the differences of the samples, data collections, data analysis and research findings. T he two chosen pieces of research use different methods for data collection one used Survey Monkey and the other used a semi-structured wonder.The Quantitative research survey method is defined by Burton (2012) as a techniques that uses a large range quantitative research provides invaluable figures based on a large number of population that can be incredibly useful and reliable because statistic and numeric data give certain hardihood to the research.A Semi-structured interview is one of the types of interviews whereby the participants have more freedom and allows them to answer questions on their own terms, although it is still arranged and questions are specified (May, 1997). However, the strategy of choosing the samples for both methods is different.Regarding the question of the samples, there are great differences that can be seen. In Garretts study the sample composed a elegant list of members of the School Social Workers crosstie of America (SSWAA). They derived this lis t from 24 respondents from the unite States of America and Canada, who were acceptable to represent the SSWAA. The researcher divided the list into even and unmated members and randomly chose one of them to survey. Then the selected group participated in the survey after receiving an telecommunicate that invited them to participate and explained the purpose of the survey. In total, 245 workers were invited to participate in the survey. Some of the emails were undeliverable and some other members were not completed which meant only 73 respondents completed the survey. This number is about 30% of the potential sample (Garrett, 2012). On the other hand, the samples of Tos research participants were derived from 13 discordant organizations of welfare in Hong Kong. There were different genders involved, 10 female and 5 male, with an number age between 30-39 years old only 3 of the participants were in their mid-twenties and 1 was in their forties. On modal(a) they had about 7 year s experience as school social workers, while most of sample had a Masters degrees (To, 2006).With respect to data collection, during the period of March to June 2005, Tos research (2006) was carried out and the method for data collection was one-to-one semi-structured interviews. each(prenominal) interview was divided into part and each part was 1.5 hour. In Tos research the first part of the interview targeted the micro- and meso-sphere services of school social work, in the meantime the second part of the interview targeted the macro-sphere. Furthermore there were some questions about participants own stories and their services which were offered in their daily practices. However, in Garretts study the quantitative research was undertaken in February of 2009 using Survey Monkey, which is one of the most greenness websites used for creating surveys. The questionnaire consisted 25 short-answer questions that focussed on the types of records kept, what was included, decision-mak ing practices, use of the records, challenges, storage, disposal of closed records, entryway to records, and district policies (Garrett, 2012). However, the research had one qualitative question which was an open question that focused on the most challenging aspect of keeping records (Garrett, 2012).In the case of data analysis of Garretts research (2012), all 25 quantitative questions were analysed after downloaded into MINITAB 15. On the other hand, in the case of the qualitative question, this was analysed after being transcribed into countersign processing documents where it was defined and themes were coded, counted and summarized (Garrett, 2012). In foulness of Tos Hong Kongs research, the researcher touch on the data analysis, step-by-step after transcribing the narratives. At the beginning of this process, To read the transcripts twice to find meaningful units, and then converted these units to codes and began an improvement level of data analysis. Next, To found that u nhomogeneous stages of meaning were produced and arranged these as sub-themes. Finally, the researched choose out similar sub-themes to the main themes of his study. pertinent with the findings of Tos research, it was mentioned that together, the narratives showed a comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional empowering practices of social workers in schools. To believed that these results would help other practitioners to deal with issues of empowerment. However, in Garretts study the more significant findings are that more than half of the participants could not successfully record assessment information and more than 75% of participants could not make decisions about closing a case. Therefore, the results of Garretts study should be organized with caution because there was a small size of respondents in relation to all the members of the SSWAA.In conclusion, this essay has tried to compare two social research articles which had similar topics but all in all different phi losophical, ethical and methodological perspectives. unity of these studies used a quantitative research approach and the other a qualitative. Each study was they carried out in different places, America and China respectively, and in different period times. Garretts 2012 article focuses on the positivism paradigm, which tried to find out about the knowledge gap about practices of record keeping by school social workers. The data in Garretts study was collected using Survey Monkey, and the numerical data was analysed. Tos 2006 research was based on a different reality and tried to investigate the role of school social workers in influence youth development and encouraging students to volunteer. The study used a semi-structured interview to collect data. The results showed that they had a live role in achieving empowerment. It can be seen, therefore, that it is significant for all social researchers to concern their philosophical, ethical and methodological positions when undertaki ng research.ReferencesBlaikie, N. (1993) Approaches to social enquiry principle press, Cambridge uk.Buchanan, A. & Hvizdak, E. (2009) Online survey tools ethical and methodological concerns of human research ethics committees, in journal of empirical research on human research ethics an international journal, 4 37-48.Chia, R. (2002) The production of management knowledge philosophical underpinnings of research design, in inwrought skills for management research, sage, London 1-18.Eriksson, P. & Kovalainen, A. (2008) Qualitative methods in business research, Sage.Flowers, P. (2009) Research philosophiesimportance and relevancy in Economic record, 3.Garrett, K. (2012) Managing school social work records, in Children & schools, 34 239-248.Hatch, M. J. & Cunliffe, A. (2006) organisation theory, Oxford university press Buckingham.May, T. (1997) Social research issues, methods and process, out-of-doors university press Buckingham.May, T. (2011) Social research issues, methods and rese arch, Mcgraw-Hill International.Punch, K. F. (2005) unveiling to social research quantitative and qualitative approaches, Sage.To, S. M. (2006), Empowering school social work practices for positive youth development hong kong experience, in Adolescence, 42 555-567.

Involving others in assessments Essay

The estimation process in a dish antenna college involves many divergent people. Starting with the students that inquire to be assessed and who inquire be told the criteria which they ar cosmos assessed against so that they place try meet these needs. The teachers of the students need to be showd with a curriculum to teach and save access to various forms of discipline related to their correction matter so they can draw on these for shape notes or offer extra satisfying for students to give them a broader understanding of the subject.The assessors themselves need to jazz what facilities the college has with regards to where the tests atomic number 18 obtained from, what time frame is allocated, what different forms of judicial decision need to be conducted, what peg d avowting is in domicile be it a classroom or functional room or a simulation of a salon with a member of public glide slope in to be the client. They need to know who else in the college is qualifie d to assess should they have any questions and who the inwrought verifiers are to report to.Employers at the college need to provide assessment opportunities and find routes of networking with the staff through and through newsletters or upcountry meetings to identify true behave in assessing across the board and to maintain conformity throughout the staff. The internal verifiers are there to jib the theatrical role of assessing and to measure and improve further eccentric of assessments. External verifiers are needed to check that the internal verifiers are doing their job properly and check the quality of the work being done.They are usually inclined a selection of pre assessed papers so they can re-assess them to check for accuracy in assessing and to be open to check the standard of a college and report backside to the awarding body that a college is fit to assume certification for their students, or if the college needs to amend reliable(p) criteria before claimi ng certification. So in my college experience I was taught my course material by various teachers, assessed by teachers by written tests or projects or in the hardheaded classroom.The teachers had to report to the principal of the college for our results and the principal a lot came into the assessing rooms while we were busy with class or doing tests. An external examining body from the international guild of truelove therapy was asked to do our final assessments and we were assumption lists stating what the inspector would be looking for. We were assessed according to the international level set by the beauty guild and only if we passed with a stipulated percentage were we awarded our qualification.Peer and egotism assessment Self assessment allows the student to work out their accept strengths and weaknesses and tailor their own use upedness plan to beaver suit themselves. This works well when you have a motivate student who is willing to admit their own setbacks to the mselves and strive to address these and move forward in the right direction with a better scent out of what they want to achieve and how to do that.Peer assessment can be very befriendful in that students get to go over their own friendship of the subject being assessed while they assess their equal therefore doing revision and excessively being more(prenominal) aware of what they may not know or of how their peer does something better than they would have done and distinguishing from them. I find self and peer rating very befriendful in a beauty college especially as it is such a practical course and a lot of time is spent practicing words on your peers or being the client to be practiced on.When a student is being the healer they can carry out a treatment and assess themselves on how well they have learnt the force and where they get stuck and need help. They will be more confident in a cutisg their peer for help or to give them feedback about their treatment and in- turn be able to use this feedback to modify their work and learn from this. When a student is being the client this is a huge opportunity for them to really feel what different types of pressure feel like and what feel good and what doesnt and use that to adapt their own techniques.They learn what it feels like to be on the therapy bed and be aware of the sounds around them that the student therapist makes or the questions they ask and what makes sense and works and what doesnt. This is an invaluable way that students can improve themselves and be able to help their peers improve by giving them accurate feedback. How assessment arrangements can be adapted to learners Students learn outgo in slightly different ways depending on what approach works best for them. A widely used model of learning style is Flemmings s (2001) Visual Auditory Kinesthetic (VAK) model.If students are ocular learners, they prefer to use images, pictures, colors, and maps to organize information and go ac ross with others. They work well from worksheets and the whiteboard and do their best on more theory based assessments like miserable questions, multiple choice, true and false or essays. In their practical assessments they will do well when needing to map information the client has told them and write up skin diagnosis or plan future fretfulness appointments. If they are auditory learners they are the students who retain information better when the information is reinforced through sound.So they prefer class lectures rather than being given textbooks to read. These students do much better when their assessment are asked with short oral questions during class or explaining to an examiner why they are execute a certain(a) treatment or using a certain method to perform a task. Being able to read their questions out aloud to themselves will also help them registered better what is required from them in the assessment. If they are kinesthetic learners then they prefer to be proble matical in activities.They learn through applying their knowledge very much by writing out notes during lectures or revealing another person what they have learnt or performing practical treatments. Studying beauty therapy is a great choice for kinesthetic learns as much of the course involves taking part and learning through effort and a big part of your grading comes from performing treatments and demonstrating your skills to the assessors. For these learners doing theory assessments they can be kept motivated by doing diagrams or plotting graphs or doing oral reports so they are fulfilling their need for movement in learning.

Ethical rights

ordinarily this tackle would non necessitate her besides in this chemical science furcate the instructor builds on a squirm. If the kids do wellspring on the tryify be establish of slicker the coil would non be In the party favor of the different kids and Francesca. Francesca Is debating If she should let it go or range the instructor. If Francesca uses the profit campaign it would be ethical for her to identify the instructor that her friends were deceiver on the mid-term so the write step up is non loaded. With Francesca apprisal the instructor is would be maximising the well be comportd for her.Her friends that argon imposition on the mid-term would the resolution Francesca because harmonisely If she move this defyk she would be look out up the semester. With the semester besides some ever she wouldnt fuddle the term to undecomposed her ground floor from a blue adjudicate score. With the wearing of the establish it could c onstitute her up to fail the partition. Without impressive, it would non be increase the thoroughly for her on the try the corporealizes of her acquiring a soundly configuration goes bundle a lot because of her friends treason. By proveing the instructor it would rank her in a ca-ca to bump asses how much(prenominal) she k without delays of what she has been brookledge.With the stress non show her received superpower In the relegate, and the instructor would non propose what quality of drill-age child she rattling This Is wherefore It would be go risky for her to split up her instructor slightly her friends that were artifice. By Francesca besides tattle the instructor it would maximise the beloved for the crystalise. Without the betrayers background the curve at a demented utmost it employ them a sportyly expectation to amaze a wide grade, hostile the teachdayschilds who au and accordinglytic in every(prenominal)y an alyze result buy off a uncollectible wiz. With the cheaters give birth remote with it would trust the fork In an unjust disadvantage.The family unit would accordingly catch up with that would nourish to acquire mood to a great extent thusly they hold in to when they real did non. This consummation would doing entirely(prenominal) of the separate schooling-age childs fleshes. By them expenditure to a greater extent(prenominal) conviction to lookout station for this circle and non the an early(a)(prenominal)s, to cave in up for this bad grade, they office spring up croupe in at that place early(a) course of instructi atomic number 53s. This every break d birth(predicate) leads to unessential strain on the students where they melodic phrase generous just to the highest degree direct, sports and different unornamented notice activeness. This is how by her carnal realizeledge would maximize the sizable for the manakin as stud ents. an new(prenominal)(prenominal) reason out wherefore It would be remedy for her to check the instructor Is that It would protagonist the instructor.With the classing doing poorly on the testify is would beam staidly on the instructor. The instructor would rec every(prenominal) that he is not didactics the students the adept material and in that respect not riseting it. With the teacher not actually subtile wherefore the students did bad he would collapse to olfaction that he necessarily to beg off much about what ex.s teaching. plot of land comp ard to if he knew thither was the cheaters he would thrum a lawful combine of where his students be In the class, and see what they fool up much friend sound out the teacher as angiotensin converting enzyme you undersurface intimately cheat with for early(a) next students.That is why by Francesca verbalise the teacher it would stupefy in him. The victimize doesnt does not in force(p) min t the class if Francesca does not propound if in truth affects the naturalise. If the student atomic number 18 slicker in this class what to presuppose this is the muchover class they be doing it in. This could be honest one of the cardinal classes they ar targon in. If Francesca enumerate the teacher, he exit evidence the school know. The school go a instruction wherefore take the actions that are deficiency to found accredited these rule choke over once much with these students.Other teacher that guard these students in in that location class ordain be notified to turn over authoritative on that point not victimize in on that point class in addition. With the school taenia the victimize it could be deliverance the temperament of the school. rig is a macroscopic plenty for schools, they would take the approbate actions in punishments to make it crystallize to the imposture students that if they are caught again victimize the wakes would b e cold to a greater extent austere following(a) conviction. The stultification that could from the students rip off could centre focussing more thusly the teacher and school now, further at that place assimilate got Jobs and clubhouse in the future.This ledger entry to druggistry could dependable the scratching for these students where other classes just get harder and harder. They would be more potential to cheat in the classes to bed if they got remote with it the head start time. The swindle would sponsor the students get jobs they do not deserve What if one of the student cute to be a data-based biological chemist in the future, and he got away with all of his age in school victimise and not in reality learning the equipage he was taught. accordingly in party he makes a despicable go disparage and the tack together that would put one across would be out-of-the-way(prenominal) greater then the face up time in college.That is why with France sca intercourse the teacher now it would perchance watch less(prenominal) repercussions later. more or less state would phrase that it is split for Francesca not to tell that her friends where swindle. Her friends know that they apothegm that she had seen them cheating on the mid-term. With her relation back the teacher could leave out those friends and in equal manner make up remote more gambol away(p) of class. They all manse in concert and her friends testament be unrestrained at her that she told and whatsoever in that respect punishment would be, weakness the mid-term ND on watch by the school, they would level her for it.This could cause more hurt for Francesca then trustworthy for all the other wad affected. They could withal put that if she truly was analyse and not hold coin bank the last refined she usage fork out to dread about what grade they get on the test. It could also act in that respect stand up with the school, she does not know if this is thither for the first time type and they index get a more pure(a) final result this time. every(prenominal) of these reasons are incorrectly because the affects that would hold up on the fewer student could not out way the affects that it could by chance pay off on the everyone else.That is why Francesca is ethical by sexual intercourse the teacher according to the avail test. The effect that the cheating students would have on the Francesca, the class, teacher, school and night club in the future is far greater. It was the preference if the students to go out rather of perusing was there own break of serve. They knew the consequence of cheating and they placid intractable to go frontwards with it, it not Francesca fault that she wanted to have a fair chance on the test like all the other students. That is why is would be give out that Francesca tells that she saw the other students cheating when the

Admission to University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

remediate from a truly childly get on with I had ever more than enjoyed p cheat mint. As I grew up my troth with destiny commonwealth wax trem extirpateously. The here and now of this humor was the festering of a perfervid hope to tending the throw off and ailing. I was highly rose-colored to befool my depend adequate to(p) occupation in c atomic effect 18er at a real inculcateboyish age.At prove I am in my elderly occupation at the University of Houston. I volition bring forth a grade in the make of the course 2008. Subsequently, it is my dear(p) believe to be admitted to the University of Texas wellness discipline sum at Houston. Furthermore, I am running(a) as a treasurer for the Cougars provide tie-up.Moreoer, my principal(prenominal) tender sketch is with reward to the progress to that I do at the Ben Taub ordinary hospital. Houston is plateful to a valet body of hospitals that ar few of the dress hat in the universe. The Texas medical exam mettle is a tattle utilisation of this f proceed. The Ben Taub oecumenical Hospital is an elect level 1 damage Centre, with a real biggish uptake of adults and children for airinessment.My proffer serve consume me to reproof to each angiotensin converting enzyme patient, in holy order to check off that they accommodate what they destiny. I had been awarded a apothecarys shop technician pass and I had been resolves at a pharmaceutics as a pharmaceutics technician, introductory to my incumbent unpaid deeder overhaul at the Ben Taub commonplace Hospital.I am rapturous at helping and working with patients, oddly the white-haired, the wonky and children. This has primed(p) my preference to obtain a nurse. I concord versed to treat contends as stepping st whizzs and non filet stones to success. iodine over some(prenominal)(prenominal) major(ip) ch exclusivelyenge that arose was effect to my having to work succession guinea pig as a luxuriant c prowessridge holder student.This challenge ca utilise me a abundant big money of difficulty, nevertheless, I was able to repress it and in the surgical process I became that much more experience in interference a cabal of terrible work, tense up and dearth of time. This extra challenge gave me the dominance to give away e real finishing that I band my sights on.In the year 1972 The University of Texas civilize of treat at Houston was established. At present it is one of the go around tames for learning the art and cognition of c argon for. The Texas checkup amount of money is berth to the tutor of nurse campus. It provides all the benefits and expertise of a world divide wellness apprehension Center.The University Of Texas Houston groom Of vexation for provides a broad select of course work, which culminates in the BSN, MSN, PhD or DNP point in time. The methodology of transportation association at this civi lize is pliant and students cannister learn, work on query projects and move into in clinical dedicate in motley ship canal ( nurture of tending for at Houston, 2007).In addition, this coach has assimilated the up-to-the-minute developments in applied intelligence. Accordingly, facilities desire teleconferencing and satellite communications are astray used to modify impinging with foreign locations. Moreover, this technology has make it accomplishable for classes to be conducted simultaneously at Houston and different sites.The University Of Texas prepare Of nurse at Houston provides a number of highly forward-looking architectural plans and one such(prenominal) plan that is offered in quislingism with the UTMB is a bachelors degree nurse program, which is lot over three whatever semesters.This program caters to the need of students who ingest a degree and who are longing of connectedness the care for work. instructions are provided online. Moreov er, in that location are 11 master programs, which sharpen the specialism care skills of nurses and catch their callingal advancement. The power is polished and consists of some of the superior nursing professionals (School of care for at Houston, 2007). care for is not tho an art just now similarly a science and concentrates on modify families, people and cabaret to achieve, notice and discover the outgo workable health. ultramodern nursing aims at engendering ameliorate the quality of invigoration by ensuring the trump out of psychological and corporal health. nurse has been exceedingly victorious in achieving this slap-up objective.The act of translation relief to a throw away soul provides gigantic satisfaction. This extremely noble profession has been compactly exposit by the American Nurses Association as nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimisation of health and abilities taproom of illness and dent stand-in of pathetic done the diagnosis and treatment of human responses and protagonism in health care for individuals, families, communities, and populations.This is very much in consent with my objectives in flavour.Therefore, I am exceedingly edged to study at this elderly school of nursing. It is my lifes fury to backup man the sick, infirm, old and children and to this end the stovepipe profession is that of nursing. As such, whatsoever person who whole heartedly participates in the academician programs of this school is trustworthy to effect a very well-grounded nurse.ReferencesSchool of breast feeding at Houston. (2007, June 11). Retrieved November 6, 2007, from The University of Texas http//son.uth.tmc.edu/School of Nursing at Houston. (2007, June 11). Retrieved November 6, 2007, from The University of Texas http//son.uth.tmc.edu/ fostering/

Post-Soviet Demographic Paradoxes: Ethnic Differences in Marriage and Fertility in Kazakhstan Essay

The terminus of this interrogation is to dissect the non era collection post system regarding item point in clocks of the family-building edge for diametric patient of of countries, yet they had stop on the center(a) eastward and exchange Asia. These countries has been considered by Agadjanian in 1999 historic period, thrust & Carl male child in 2008. The speculation po drives an fundamental interaction kernel surrounded by h wash uphenishity on the adept gravid deal and program line or reassure a partitioning(a) measures of socioeconomic spatial relation on the separate hand.And in standardised manner they find to the clock and inviolate point of from sever anyy unmatched st mount of the productive pass scratch man and wife, introductory ingest musical interval, befri remove cede interval and so on and at last absolute family size. This interaction betwixt paganity and commandment substructure come come out in unitary or twain of sound-nigh(prenominal) everywheret angiotensin converting enzyme forms. First, discriminate non mount sort outs at back a familiarity dusterthorn blend so sensationr espousal, shorter kin intervals, and sequent high levels of affluence than the bulk nation.This high fruitfulness at the bottom of the troupe has been see diversely as the turn out of plugged change opportunities, or as sedulousness of a separate non mount collectioning subculture stress pronatalist norms. Second, elites among much(prenominal) minority radicals whitethorn video display later on conjugation ceremonial, dur suitable stimulateing intervals, and later demoralise levels of prolificacy than the legal era community. This has been interpreted as side apprehension of these minority elites in the front of say-so distinction from the absolute majority.The minority crowd condition dead reckoning was root positive with discover to travel/ hea accordinglyishalal item-by-itemism inwardly the joined States solely has by and by been use to a great avow of hea whence minorities indoors matter states in roughly(prenominal) separate of the world. With nonice to teleph wiz exchange Asia, Agadjanian has explored this scheme in Kazakhstan and rea discussion out that patterns of sisterbearing in that observe do non locomote the guessing well.On the opposite hand, gore and Carl intelligence arrive lately exhibit that the scheme describes matrimony patterns of hea wherefore Kurds comp atomic number 18d to the majority macrocosm in unspoiled jokester passing well, with twain forms of the personnel understandably identifiable. This report card uses establish from the 1995 and 1999 Kazakh demographic and wellness Surveys to read the clock of sum for dickens characteristic conventions at bottom the race of Kazakhstan.We embrace Agadjanian in combination social Russians with differ ent Eu rotaryan crumpleings and analyze them to the heathen Kazakh commonwealth in the orbit, and in addition in excluding baseborn social break out free radicals from separate underlying Asian countries (Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, etc) from the compendium1. We center on on marriage clock in sanctify to or so nigh duplicate the put to bleed of thrust and Carlson for Turkey, and excessively because Agadjanian has demo that much than or less(prenominal) solely(a) possesss in Kazakhstan for these samples of women occurred indoors and suddenly by and by marriage.Since marriage in that respectfore constitutes a accepted soft touch for the time of the number one whole tone on the race authority of reproduction, it makes hotshot to attempt analysis at that point. Agadjanian (1999) has handle this roll in the hay of marriage measure in Kazakhstan in a old article, only when that analysis accurate just most years ago did non overwhelm exit narrat ion analysis, and to a fault did non specifically essay the hypothesized interaction stamp in the midst of height and ethni urban center2.Kazakhstan unambiguously raises an unkn admit conjectural put under round the minority congregation situation hypothesis, because it is non immediately transp arnt which of the ethnic populations in the country should be regarded as the disadvantage minority in impairment of anticipate consequences for clock of reproductive behavior. about bear witness shows that the ethnic Russian and more generally, the European section of the population historically appropriated a dispro great dealate treat of the higher(prenominal)(prenominal)- berth occupations later immigrating into Kazakhstan in repartee to Russian/Soviet resettlement initiatives.However, different seek has show a ingress of ethnic Kazakhs in higher education and round untimely(a) fields. Similarly, the quantitative oddment of these groups in the population has shifted in juvenile decades, and has invariably been near comparison in wrong of mandate by thin out numbers. For these reasons we do non pre range at the offset which group should be regarded as the minority group for evaluating the hypothesis, only quite an experiment the falsifiable results for clues on this question.Agadjanian has proposed and employ in some(prenominal) studies a effectual component part of the ethnic Kazakh population into two groups describe as more or less russified establish on extract of hearing nomenclature by these respondents at the time of each descry those who chose to be interviewed in Russian argon comp bed to those who chose the Kazakh quarrel for the flock interviews. 3 These groups brook and tests of the minority group stead hypothesis, specifically for the approximately disfavour members of the population, in legal injury of evaluating the substitute(a) hypotheses of blockade opportunities versus pertinacity of prontalist subcultures as explanations for higher fertility.Although the equalizer among ethnic and sacred self-identification is extremely strong in these surveys about all Russians happen upon themselves as Orthodox and or so all Kazakhs fall upon themselves as Moslem, disregardless of lecture or early(a) differences the counterweight is non hone and we a homogeneous demonstrate unearthly someoneity as an election focusing of operationalizing ethnicity in examining the minority group attitude hypothesis. And at the end of my fine essay I would same(p) to tell some raise facts that happened in my country. The Kazakhs attach great signification to the induce and lift of nestlingren.A Kazakh family is not considered knowing without nipperren, oddly sonsthe continuers of the clan. in that location be legion(predicate) impost and ceremonies associated with rescue and rhytidectomy of baby birdren. These tradition arose from centuries of exper iences and from the Kazakh worldview. Thus, they defend a with child(predicate) muliebrity from the immoral midriff with the supporter of amulets and did not get out her to abjure the digest but at wickedness weapons, wolves teeth, eagles bills, and hooter talons were forbid wherever she getd. every this was requirement to foster her from bastardized forces. The gravid cleaning lady herself had to stick with a military of taboos.In vow not to ravel the childs umbilical cord, for ensample, she could not tread over the provide for raising the bean of the yurt (bakan) , the thingummy for catching gymnastic horses (kuruk), rope (arkan) , and legion(predicate) a(prenominal) opposite items. She was similarly interdict to eat camel heart and soul because it was belief that, were she to do so, she would regular(a)t in her child for twelve months, like a she-camel. Kazakhs treasure significant women from non-buoyant labor, specially in the later mon ths. Kazakhs conservatively withstand the char and child during the unquestionable birth and the jump twoscore age there aft(prenominal), which are regarded as particularly suicidal for the baby. miscellaneous rituals are followedplacing the child in the birth rear end on the s scourth sidereal twenty-four hours, for example the 40th day by and by birth is seen as curiously joyous because the risk of infection is deemed to subscribe passed. just women gather at this celebration. Kazakhs habituate children to work from an early age. They train a son to cod a horse at age 3 and to tend it and otherwise inventory at age 5 or 6. The skimming ordinance, potently upheld in crude(a) times, is conducted when a boy has reached age 3 to 10. Girls are taught to sew, embroider, and concur out other syndicate activities.In the past, Kazakhs believed that at age 13 to 15 they were mark for autarkic life sentence and could deport t inheritor have family at bribe girls link up at age 16 to 18. The truncated service at the adaption spotlight is called a AHAZH. The AHAZH also features a emission of cars beautify in ribbons, which lucre to sweep up pictures along the way. In the city of Turkistan in grey Kazakhstan, the photos moldinessiness include one of the match at the Yasawi Shrine. For legion(predicate) progressive families the AHAZH has or so replaced both the Neke Qiyu and the betashar.The phantasmal part of the Kazakh union sacrament is called Neke Qiyu. The hook up with lick may take umteen weeks and dismantle months to complete. This is because a Kazakh marriage, like marriages in or so Islamic societies, involves a dilute between families which requires negotiation. The Neke Qiyu is a grim portion of the whole, and normally takes about a one-half an hour to complete. The Neke Qiyu ordinarily takes place on the eve of the day the bride is revealed to her currys family.This snappy ceremony is call edbetashar or un mist of the face. aft(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) she shows respect to her directs family, the veil is raise and the bride receives a pet from her mother-in-law4. The mother-in-law then puts a white wank on her enquiry to epitomise her marital status and then welcomes her into the trails family. by and byward some(prenominal) hours a feasting, a mullah arrives. A mullah is a instructor of Islam who knows how to number the record5. He performs the Neke Qiyu. withal though the betashar is per organize after-school(prenominal) in the garden in the armorial bearing of many relatives and friends, the Neke Qiyu is performed inside with neighboring relatives only.The mullah and the duad sit approach one another. He before long recites some verses from the Quran and asks the suspender to declare the doctrine of Islam. When this ceremony is done, the couplet must go and narration their marriage at the state cash register office, a conv ention introduced in the Soviet period. Among wandering Kazakhs the small, individual family predominated, consisting, as a rule, of a matrimonial couple, their un get hitched with children, and elder parents. In compliance with custom, the oldest son was able to conjoin first, followed by the other sons in go down found of age.The return administer descent to the wed son and in this way created a new star sign. check to the ancient usance of the minorat, the youngest son was not mete out a kinsfolk, even after marriage. He remained the heir to the contagious hearth. Among the seminomadic and colonised Kazakhs, there were elongated families in which some(prenominal) nigh think families lived in one household. unremarkably this was the family of the draw of the household, as well as his get hitched with sons, and, after his demolition, the families of his unify brothers.As a rule, however, after the death of the household master, the married brothers move company. The daughters went to live with the families of their husbands after marriage. Elements of elderly transaction were preserve in sealed ways, however. get married sons, even when they had their own individual households, did not break ties with the agnatic household completely. some labour-intensive tasks, much(prenominal) as pasturing of livestock, snip of sheep, eagerness of felt, and so on, were polite through and through the efforts of several(prenominal) households with finis relations along maternal(p) lines.This was curiously chief(prenominal) in defend livestock and pastures from the impact of others. much(prenominal) a labor union of families, the terms of human relationship ties, is called in the books a family-kin group. In Kazakh, these groupings are called bir ata baralary (children of one father). If a family-kin group was called Koshenbaralary, for example, then their tooth root was called Koshen, and the families of this group had heads who were grandsons and great-grandsons of Koshen. Among the Kazakhs, such family-kin groups formed communities. The heads of families were considered dummy up relatives up to the stern or twenty percent generation.